Why is it so hard to know if projects, programmes, partnerships and organisations are making a difference? What is needed to go on the journey towards making evidenced claims that genuinely demonstrate impact?

Public services sit within complex webs of programmes, policies and practices, and are not controlled by any one organisation. Change happens through interlinked and overlapping approaches and services, which makes it difficult to understand.

Engaging with this complexity is essential for knowing whether any initiative is making a difference, but it can be challenging. It’s important to consider what needs to be taken into account when working within complex systems to understand and track outcomes and impact.

What data, evidence and feedback practices are helpful – or unhelpful – for knowing whether initiatives are having their intended impact? This chapter considers some of the cultures and practices that can get in the way of gathering the feedback needed to understand change.

It sets out the kinds of data and evidence that are best suited to understanding complex change. Drawing on experience of working in different settings, this chapter explores the concept of ‘data cultures’ and how these can help or hinder initiatives in getting the data they need.

Examples highlight ways of applying this thinking to specific work, especially the case for using mixed data that includes qualitative data. The concept of a data improvement journey is introduced, along with practical ways of thinking about data and evidence needs in any given setting.

Being clear about the difference an initiative wants to make and the outcomes or the impacts of the work is the first step in knowing whether it is making a difference. Many organisations need to report to or align with multiple outcome frameworks and indicators. This can result in organisations feeling caught in a tangle of outcomes. Being able to navigate around this complex outcomes and impacts landscape essential for anyone leading public services where they are expected to work towards, report on or be evaluated against outcomes or impacts. This is what we call ‘owning your outcomes or impacts’.

This chapter offers accessible ways to understand and operationalise outcomes and impacts and unpack some of the contradictions surrounding the use of outcomes and impacts within wider policy and funding systems.

Whether supporting people to move on in their lives, implementing new policy initiatives, providing training or spreading good practice, the evidence shows that the most effective approaches are those that are tailored to the specific context. Rather than ignoring it, trying to work well with the challenges and opportunities of any initiative’s context can help improve delivery and really make a difference to people and communities. It’s also essential for shaping how the initiative will make a difference, and for tracking that difference. This chapter discusses why context matters and sets out some practical ways of working effectively with the complex context in which anyone seeking to make a difference finds themselves.

A meaningful connection between activities and outcomes is often vague or unexplored – but this magic ‘how’ change happens is essential for driving programmes and for understanding their impact.

Outcome or impact maps are the core of the approach in this book, as the building block for setting out, understanding, learning about and evidencing change. This is one type of ‘theory of change’ approach which is common for understanding change in complex systems.

We believe that process-driven theories of change are most effective for public services, and in this chapter we set out our version of this – outcome or impact mapping – and illustrate how they can be used at different levels.

Picking up on the issues from chapter 3 about getting the data, evidence and feedback needed to understand complex change, this chapter presents some practical ways to improve and use data.

It includes how to undertake a data audit, filling gaps in data, and practical data collection techniques. Examples are provided of how these have been applied in different public services settings. It aims to help organisations get all of the data and information they need to evaluate their progress towards outcomes and demonstrate their impact.

The journey to improving outcomes or maximising impacts is never over. Effective organisations that own their outcomes are always seeking to improve, reflect and learn, to align resources and develop systems and processes to make the best contribution possible.

Taking time to systematically analyse and assess progress is a linchpin of this approach. This chapter outlines what is required to analyse, assess and track progress towards outcomes or impacts ahead of reporting, and shares some simple and accessible ways of thinking that can help even people with no experience of analysis get going.

Building a strong contribution story that explains and can evidence the difference your work makes to people, policy, practice or communities is not an easy task.

This chapter brings together learning from working with many organisations and clients, as well as the authors’ work in outcome and impact reporting, using the approach set out in this book built on contribution analysis. The chapter considers reporting in an outcome or impact-focused way, for different audiences and purposes, with practical tips of how to do this well. This is the final part of the process described in chapters 5-8. It considers reporting for learning and improvement as well as making impact claims.

The approach to outcome and impact evaluation in this book works for the complex problems and issues that public services face. It has been used in settings such as health, social work and care, policy, international development, research, and children and adult services.

There is more in common across these contrasting sectors and contexts than divides them in relation to outcome and impact evaluation. Whatever the setting, the key challenges remain: how to work well with complex contexts; how to understand and work well with outcomes and impacts; how to get the relevant data, evidence and feedback; and how to embed this in day-to-day work.  

This chapter explore those challenges and gives practical tips for overcoming them. It includes case studies of the approach in different organisations and settings.

This chapter shares insights from some of the organisations who have experience of embedding this approach in their work. It has a resources section setting out some useful information for working in this way.